Hope Line Physio

  Basic Concepts of Motion and Force (10 Questions) 1. Define biomechanics and kinesiology. 2. What is the difference between kinetics and kinematics? 3. Describe types of motion: linear, angular, rotary. 4. Define displacement, velocity, and acceleration. 5. Explain scalar and vector quantities with examples. 6. What is inertia? Provide a real-life example. 7. Write about external vs internal forces in the human body. 8. Describe the role of mass in biomechanical analysis. 9. What is the importance of force vectors? 10. Define force couples and their significance. 2. Planes and Axes of the Body (10 Questions) 11. What are the three anatomical planes? Explain each. 12. Describe the corresponding axes to each plane. 13. Write about movements in the sagittal plane. 14. Explain movements in the frontal plane. 15. Describe rotational movements in the transverse plane. 16. What is the importance of understanding planes in clinical rehab? 17. Provide examples of joint actions in each ana...

  📘 Community Medicine – 100 Question Sheet 1. Concepts of Health & Disease (10 Questions) 1. Define health and disease. 2. What are the dimensions of health? 3. Describe the concept of well-being. 4. Explain the natural history of disease. 5. What is the iceberg phenomenon of disease? 6. Define risk factors and give examples. 7. Explain the concept of prevention (primordial to tertiary). 8. Write a note on the spectrum of health. 9. What are the determinants of health? 10. Explain the socio-ecological model of health. 2. Epidemiology (10 Questions) 11. Define epidemiology. 12. What are the aims of epidemiology? 13. Describe the steps of an epidemiological investigation. 14. What is incidence and prevalence? 15. Explain cohort study with an example. 16. Differentiate between observational and experimental studies. 17. What is a case-control study? 18. Write a note on screening tests. 19. What is sensitivity and specificity? 20. Define and explain herd immunity. 3. Environmenta...

  Pathology Question Bank - BPT 2nd Year 1. Define cell injury. Classify with examples. 2. Differentiate between reversible and irreversible cell injury. 3. Describe the causes and morphology of necrosis. 4. What is apoptosis? How is it different from necrosis? 5. Define gangrene. Explain types with examples. 6. Write short notes on cellular adaptations (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, etc.). 7. Discuss fatty change (steatosis) in liver. 8. Define inflammation. Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation. 9. Describe vascular events in acute inflammation. 10. Write about the cellular events in inflammation. 11. Enumerate chemical mediators of inflammation. 12. Explain granulomatous inflammation with examples. 13. Write short note on ulcer. 14. Define edema. Causes and pathogenesis. 15. What is abscess? Write its features. 16. Describe outcomes of acute inflammation. 17. Define exudate and transudate. 18. Explain the role of neutrophils in inflammation. 19. What is pus? How is it...

Electrotherapy practicals can be tricky, especially when you're under time pressure. Even good students often lose marks due to small, avoidable errors. Here's a quick guide to the Top 5 mistakes students make in electrotherapy practical exams — and how you can avoid them! ❌ 1. Skipping Safety Checks Mistake: Not inspecting the machine, cables, or checking for contraindications before starting. How to Avoid: ✅ Always begin with: Checking power supply Inspecting wires/electrodes Asking patient about pacemaker, metal implants, pregnancy, or sensation issues 💡 Bonus Tip: Verbally say, "I’m checking for contraindications," — examiners love that! ❌ 2. Wrong Electrode Placement Mistake: Placing electrodes randomly or without clinical reasoning. How to Avoid: ✅ Follow correct patterns: TENS – Over pain area or dermatomes IFT – Crisscross around pain SWD – Symmetrical on either side with proper spacing 💡 Pro Tip: Explain why you’r...

  Electrotherapy is a powerful tool in physiotherapy — but using it safely is just as important as using it effectively. Here's a fast-track guide to the contraindications of common electrotherapy modalities for students, interns, and clinicians. 🚫 What Are Contraindications? These are conditions or situations where electrotherapy should NOT be used due to risk of harm or complications. ⚡ Common Electrotherapy Modalities & Their Contraindications 🔌 1. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) Avoid if: Patient has a pacemaker or implantable defibrillator Over pregnant abdomen or uterus Over malignant tumors Broken, infected, or anesthetic skin On carotid sinus area (risk of cardiac reflex) Epileptic patients (caution advised) 🔄 2. IFT (Interferential Therapy) Avoid if: Metal implants in the treatment area Open wounds or skin conditions Pregnancy (especially lower abdomen/lumbar) Over the eyes, carotid sinus, or chest...

  Viva exams can feel intense, but being well-prepared with clear, confident answers can make all the difference. Here’s a quick guide to the most commonly asked questions in Electrotherapy viva and how to answer them effectively. 🔌 1. What is Electrotherapy? Answer: Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy for medical purposes, mainly to relieve pain, stimulate muscles, improve circulation, and promote healing. ⚡ 2. What is the difference between TENS and IFT? Answer: TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation): Uses low-frequency current to relieve pain at a superficial level. IFT (Interferential Therapy): Uses two medium-frequency currents that intersect to provide deep pain relief. 🧲 3. What are the therapeutic effects of SWD? Answer: Increases blood flow Relieves muscle spasms Reduces pain and stiffness Promotes healing in chronic conditions 🧠 4. What is the difference between Galvanic and Faradic currents? Answer: Galv...

  Learning to set up electrotherapy machines properly is essential for every physiotherapy student and practitioner. Here’s a simple step-by-step guide to help you confidently set up TENS , IFT , and SWD machines in clinical practice or lab sessions. ✅ 1. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) Purpose: Pain relief by stimulating sensory nerves to block pain signals. 🔧 Setup Steps: Check Machine : Ensure the TENS unit is working and has enough battery or is plugged in. Prepare Electrodes : Clean the skin with alcohol wipes. Use gel pads or adhesive electrodes. Placement : Over the pain area Along the dermatome or nerve root Connect Leads : Plug wires into the unit and attach to electrodes. Set Parameters : Mode: Conventional (high freq) or Burst Frequency: 50–100 Hz (acute), 2–10 Hz (chronic) Pulse Width: 50–150 μs Adjust Intensity : Slowly increase until the patient feels strong but comfortable tingling. Time : Usually ...

 Electrotherapy is a powerful tool in physiotherapy — and two of its foundational currents are Galvanic and Faradic currents. Whether you're studying for exams or brushing up for clinical practice, here's a clear breakdown to help you understand the key differences between the two. ⚡ What Are They? 🔌 Galvanic Current Also called Direct Current (DC) , this is a continuous, unidirectional flow of electric charge. It has a constant polarity (positive and negative electrodes). Type: Continuous Direct Current (DC) Polarity: Fixed (positive/negative) Used for: Iontophoresis Wound healing Stimulation of denervated muscles 🔄 Faradic Current This is an Interrupted or Pulsed Alternating Current (AC) , with short duration and high frequency. It mimics natural nerve impulses to stimulate muscles. Type: Interrupted Pulsed AC Polarity: No fixed polarity Used for: Muscle re-education Improving muscle tone Treating muscle atrophy in parti...

Welcome to Hope Line Physio ! Today, we're breaking down one of the body's most fascinating systems — the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) — and its role in the Fight or Flight response. 🧠 What is the Autonomic Nervous System? The ANS is a part of your nervous system that works automatically — meaning you don’t have to think about it. It controls essential functions like heart rate, breathing, digestion, and sweating. It has two main parts: Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) — The activator Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) — The relaxer ⚡ Fight or Flight: Your Body on High Alert When you face a threat — real or perceived — your Sympathetic Nervous System kicks into action. This is the classic "Fight or Flight" response, preparing your body to either face the danger or run from it. Here’s what happens: 🫀 Heart rate increases to pump more blood to muscles. 😤 Breathing quickens to get more oxygen. 🧊 Sweating starts to cool you down. ...

  🧠 Introduction Studying physiology can feel overwhelming with its complex terms, feedback loops, and cellular mechanisms. But what if you could visualize those tough concepts using simple activities from your daily life? This blog from Hope Line Physio shows you how to connect physiology to what you already do— walking, eating, exercising, sleeping, or even getting scared! These real-life examples will help you understand, recall, and apply physiological principles with ease—whether you're preparing for a viva or clinical reasoning test. 🌬️ 1. Respiration – Like Blowing Up a Balloon Breathing isn't just air in and out—it's a well-coordinated muscular and pressure-based system. Inspiration: Like pulling the balloon open (diaphragm contracts, thoracic volume increases). Expiration: Like letting go (diaphragm relaxes, air rushes out). 💡 Visual Link: When you're blowing balloons or taking a deep breath before speaking, you're performing inspirat...

Muscle actions are the foundation of physiotherapy and human movement science. But instead of memorizing dry textbook definitions, why not connect each action to real-life examples ? In this post, you’ll learn: ✅ What each type of muscle action means ✅ Daily-life examples that help you visualize it ✅ Key muscles involved in each action ✅ Bonus: How to use this knowledge in clinic or viva 🔁 1. Flexion – Bending a joint Textbook definition: Decreasing the angle between two bones. Example: Bending your elbow to bring food to your mouth. Sitting down on a chair (hip and knee flexion). Muscles Involved: Biceps brachii (elbow) Iliopsoas, rectus femoris (hip) 📌 Viva Tip: Ask the patient to bring hand to mouth — tests elbow flexion strength. ↩️ 2. Extension – Straightening a joint Definition: Increasing the angle between two bones. Example: Standing up from a chair (hip and knee extension). Reaching to take something off a shelf. Muscles Involved: ...